Connecting Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter in a circuit

Connecting Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter in a circuit

Written  by Sunil Saharan

Voltmeter, Ammeter, Watt meter and Energy meter are four pillars of electrical energy and are most important devices used in electrical engineering field. You can't imagine any application in electrical engineering without voltage, current, energy and power measurement. Voltmeter, Ammeter, Watt meter and Energy meter connections and basics are discussed here.
If you are an electrical engineer than you must know how to connect various electrical instruments in a circuit, Specially measuring instruments. The most common instruments or measuring apparatus you must know about are Voltmeter, Ammeter, Energy meter and Watt meter.

Voltmeter : -                               

Voltmeter is a device that is used to measure voltage or potential difference across two given points. Essentially a voltmeter is nothing but a galvanometer with infinite resistance connected in series . This makes the resistance of an ideal voltmeter infinite .
Voltmeter is connected in parallel, this is shown below : -


As shown in image a voltmeter is connected in parallel or in shunt configuration, due to voltage division in series.
If we connect it in series high resistance of voltmeter will make the circuit insulating and no current will flow and the system will stop working.

Voltage Division in Series

If two resistances are connected in series the voltage given to the complete system is divided across resistances.
Let us consider two resistances with resistance R₁ and R₂, then total resistance of series configuration will be given by
R = R₁ + R₂
and Voltage across each resistance is give by
V₁ = R₁*V/R,
V₂ = R₂*V/R,
Here,
V₁ is voltage across R₁ and
V₂ is voltage across R₂.
The below Figure shows this more clearly.

Ammeter : - 

It Measure current ( general term ) or rate of flow of charge ( Technical meaning ) between two points on a conductor.
An Ammeter is connected in series because it has low resistance and current remains same in series so the amount of current flowing through load will be same as that of Ammeter and hence Ammeter will give the exact reading. Connection of an ammeter is shown below with circuit diagram : -

Watt Meter : -

 A watt meter Measures power consumed by an apparatus in a given time. Normally watt meter gives reading in watt or kilowatt.
A Watmeter have two coils one is current coil and other is voltage coil. The power is product of Voltage across the load and current flowing through the load i.e. P=V/*I
 Connection of watt meter is shown below : -

The Current coil is connected in series as current remains same in series (concept of Ammeter) and potential coil is connected in parallel as voltage remains same in parallel (concept of Voltmeter)

Try to know the various components in the circuit diagram. In this experiment you can see the 'Transformer', 'Wattmeter', 'Ammeter' and 'Voltmeter'.

Making a movie in dual audio or in Hindi

First of all the basic requirements for making a movie in dual audio or in Hindi

1. A HQ quality rip of that movie in English or Any other Language you want which is very easily available on net

2. A Hindi Audio track is provided by here to all of U.

3.Tools which are required for conversion and muxing.

Tools which are required are:-

1. TVC(Total Video Converter) a very useful tool you all must have for conversion and extracting English or Hindi audio tracks from any movie Hindi or English.
2. A Mp3 Splitter & Joiner for editing the audio tracks and I recommend you these to use Visual MP3 Splitter & Joiner

3. A mux which can add any no. of audio tracks in a video file and I recommend you these to use MKVTOOLNIX.
Conversion:-
1. Extract the English audio track from the HQ quality rip of any Language using TVC.OR MKVTOOLNIX

2. Open it in the Visual MP3 Splitter & Joiner and you can see a waveform like patterns as shown below:- 



3. Now also open the Hindi audio track of the movie which you download from here.

4. Now after opening both the audio left click on the small display exactly from where the waveform starts.This will give you the starting time of both the audio as shown below.   


5. Now calculate the difference between the starting point of both the audio which will be equal to delay for Hindi audio track.
Delay for Hindi audio track=[Starting time of HQ quality rip audio track of any Language Like English or Japanese] - [Starting time of Hindi audio track]

Note:-This will be only applicable if starting of both the movies are same.

6. Now you get the delay for Hindi audio track so start muxing process with this delay.

If its your good luck then there will be no problem further but if its your hard luck then after sometime say after 30,40 or 50 minutes the audio and video again gets out of synchronization.

7.Now what you have to do is point out from where the audio and video gets out of synchronization.

8.After pointing out you have to again check both audio tracks at that point in Visual MP3 Splitter & Joiner to check that whether there is an unaccepted delay in the Hindi audio track and how much it is more from HQ quality rip audio track.

Eg:- Suppose that audio and video gets out of synchronization after 30 minutes because any scene is cutted from the Hindi movie or by some other problem.

First download both parts of audio tracks that i give than combine them whith any converter than merge audio track in your movie with MKVTOOLNIX software.

IP Ratings (Ingress Protection)

IP Ratings (Ingress Protection)

A two-digit number established by the International Electro Technical Commission, is used to provide an Ingress Protection rating to a piece of electronic equipment or to an enclosure for electronic equipment.

The protection class after EN60529 is indicated by short symbols that consist of the two code letters IP and a code numeral for the amount of the protection.

Example: IP65 (NEMA 4)
The two digits represent different forms of environmental influence:
 • The first digit represents protection against ingress of solid objects.
 • The second digit represents protection against ingress of liquids.

The larger the value of each digit, the greater the protection. As an example, a product rated IP54 would be better protected against environmental factors than another similar product rated as IP42.

IP TABLE:

IP..	First digit: Ingress of solid objects	Second digit: Ingress of liquids
0	No protection	No protection
1	Protected against solid objects over 50mm e.g. hands, large tools.	Protected against vertically falling drops of water or condensation.
2	Protected against solid objects over 12.5mm e.g. hands, large tools.	Protected against falling drops of water, if the case is disposed up to 15 from vertical.
3	Protected against solid objects over 2.5mm e.g. wire, small tools.	Protected against sprays of water from any direction, even if the case is disposed up to 60 degree from vertical.
4	Protected against solid objects over 1.0mm e.g. wires.	Protected against splash water from any direction.
5	Limited protection against dust ingress. (no harmful deposit)	Protected against low pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted.
6	Totally protected against dust ingress.	Protected against high pressure water jets from any direction. Limited ingress permitted.
7	N/A	Protected against short periods of immersion in water.
8	N/A	Protected against long, durable periods of immersion in water.

How to stay clear of office politics

How to stay clear of office politics

These two words make the corporate world dirty and murky – Office politics. This is the sad reality, and it exists in proportions across offices. This is no laughing matter. After all a dysfunctional office makes for unhappy employees, high attrition and low productivity. Even then, sometimes you get pulled into without your knowledge and at other times you create a scenario to save your misdoings. When things get out of hand, ask yourself does this really help? You will get the real answer.

“The key to stay clear of office politics is honest communication. Sometimes, people tend to lie or giving excuses when they are caught. Or they try and drag other people to clear their wrong. This only intensifies the situation. So, the best thing to do here is to accept your fault and as an adult give solutions to repair it. This will make your seniors trust you again,” says Sandeep Kaul, director, Whitelight Consulting.

Remember to err is to human. So, if you can accept your flaw and be honest about it, you have nothing to fear. However, don’t make the mistake of discussing office details or expressing your anger in public places like elevators or cafeterias or even indulge in long phone conversations over the phone in the washroom. You never know who is listening in. Though this might be innocence on your part, it could come and backfire if someone decides to use it to their advantage. There is a time and place to vent out your anger.

In such cases mostly the issue is personal. Thus, the key to avoid politics is to associate every problem with the issue and not with the person. “In most cases people tend to get personal. And within no time the issue takes the shape of ego. Thus, starts the pulling down game. So, the key here is to remember that no one really has anything against you,” points our Kaul.

So, if employees don’t use tools against each other and not make an issue or a problem a personal war, offices could be happier places. For instance, employees should realise that emails are used to ease the workflow and not as a charge sheet against a person. “My boss once used an email to pull me down in front of the management. She raised issues and involved everyone senior and junior person on the team. Later, the email backfired on her because the management looked at the issues and pointed out that the issue that was raised was actually the responsibility of my boss and not mine,” says a senior employee (who didn’t wished to be named) of a Mumbai-based IT firm. Thus, you never know how tools can turn against you.

In case you are pulled into the game, be honest, accept your responsibility and get your seniors on your side. “It’s always best to keep your manager in the loop or to have supporter from the senior management. This will only happen if the manager to gain your manager’s trust by being honest,” says Kaul.

Thus, the key to steer out of office politics is to be honest and to work outside of your ego.

Source:-jobbuzzblog.timesjobs.com

What are the main differences between Jewish and Christian religions?

Judaism believes that only you can be responsible for your sins. Nobody else can take them on or ask forgiveness on your behalf. Yes, we used to do animal sacrifices SOMETIMES, but most sacrifices were a mix of flour and oil. Still, sacrifice alone cannot atone for sin (and human sacrifice is ABHORRED by G-d). To atone for sins, a person must do teshuva, which includes: 1. recognizing the sin [knowing you did wrong] and feeling remorse for it 2. asking forgiveness of the wrong by the person you wronged (example: if you broke a Jewish law, you apologize to G-d, but if you broke your neighbor's favorite flowerpot, you must apologize to your neighbor for no one else can forgive you) 3. try to right the wrong you did--if you broke the flowerpot, either buy a new one or try to repair the old one sufficiently 4. actively resolve and try not to commit the wrong again--if you broke a law, create a reminder for yourself so that next time the opportunity comes up, you will remember.

Christianity has a close relationship with Judaism, both historically and theologically. Jesus, the twelve disciples, the author of most of the New Testament, and the members of the earliest Christian churches were all Jews. Jesus' family followed Jewish customs and Jesus frequently quoted the Hebrew Bible. Jesus' followers believed him to be the messiah, a Jewish figure predicted in the Jewish Bible.


Today, theological disagreements between Christians and Jews remain, but efforts are being made towards greater understanding and respect between the two great faiths. The following chart compares the origins, beliefs and practices of Christianity and Judaism.


Source www.religionfacts.com

History & Stats	Christianity	Judaism
date founded	c. 30 AD	c. 1300 BC
place founded	Palestine	Palestine
founders & early leaders	Jesus, Peter, Paul	Abraham, Moses
original languages	Aramaic and Greek	Hebrew
major location today	Europe, North and South America	Europe, Israel, North America
adherents worldwide today	2 billion	14 million
adherents in USA	159 million	5.6 million
adherents in Canada	21 million	350,000
adherents in UK	51 million	320,000
current size rank	largest	12th largest
major branches	Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant	Orthodox, Conservative, Reform
Religious Authority	Christianity	Judaism
sacred text	Bible = Old Testament (Jewish Bible) + New Testament	Tanakh (Jewish Bible)
inspiration of sacred text	views vary: literal word of God, inspired human accounts, or of human origin only	views vary: inspired human accounts or of human origin only
status of biblical prophets	true prophets	true prophets
status of Jewish Bible	canonical	canonical
status of Jewish Apocrypha	canonical (Catholic); useful but noncanonical (Protestant)	noncanonical but useful
status of New Testament	canonical	noncanonical, not useful
other written authority	church fathers, church councils, ecumenical creeds (all branches); papal decrees, canon law (Catholic)	Talmud, halakhah
modern human authorities	pope (Catholic); each Christian with aid of Holy Spirit (Protestant)	rabbis
summaries of doctrine	Apostle's Creed, Nicene Creed	13 Articles of Faith
Beliefs & Doctrine	Christianity	Judaism
ultimate reality	one God, Jehovah, the God of Abraham	one God, Jehovah, the God of Abraham
nature of God	Trinity - one substance, three persons	unity - one substance, one person
other spiritual beings	angels and demons	angels and demons
revered humans	saints, church fathers	prophets
identity of Jesus	Son of God, God incarnate, savior of the world	false prophet
birth of Jesus	virgin birth	normal birth
death of Jesus	death by crucifixion	death by crucifixion
resurrection of Jesus	affirmed	denied
second coming of Jesus	affirmed	denied
divine revelation	through Prophets and Jesus (as God Himself), recorded in Bible	through Prophets, recorded in Bible
human nature	"original sin" inherited from Adam - tendency towards evil	two equal impulses, one good and one bad
means of salvation	correct belief, faith, good deeds, sacraments (some Protestants emphasize faith alone)	belief in God, good deeds
God's role in salvation	predestination, various forms of grace	divine revelation and forgiveness
good afterlife	eternal heaven	views vary: either heaven or no afterlife
bad afterlife	eternal hell, temporary purgatory (Catholicism)	views vary: either eternal Gehenna, reincarnation, or no afterlife
view of the other religion	Judaism is a true religion, but with incomplete revelation.	Christianity is a false interpretation of Judaism.
Rituals & Practices	Christianity	Judaism
house of worship	church, chapel, cathedral, basilica, meeting hall	synagogue, temple, schul
religious leaders	priest, bishop, archbishop, patriarch, pope, pastor, minister, preacher, deacon	rabbi, rebbe
sacred rituals	sacraments	mitzvot (commandments)
major sacred rituals	baptism, communion (Eucharist)	observing Sabbath, wearing tallit and tefilin, prayer services
head covered during prayer?	generally no	generally yes (especially men)
central religious holy days	Lent, Holy Week, Easter	Yom Kippur, Days of Awe, Passover
other holidays	Christmas, saints days	Chanukah, Purim
major symbols	cross, crucifix, dove, anchor, fish, alpha and omega, chi rho, halo	Star of David, chai, hamsa, tree